Every World Cup result scored by a pure Elo→Poisson model. upset_index = −log₂ P(observed)
— higher means the model was more stunned. Lineup-blind (see caveat).
2
Ghana 2–0 Czech Republic 2006 · Group · model P 2.6%
5.24
3
Senegal 1–0 France 2002 · Group · model P 2.8%
5.18
4
South Korea 2–0 Germany 2018 · Group · model P 3.6%
4.78
5
Tunisia 1–0 France 2022 · Group · model P 4.1%
4.59
6
Switzerland 1–0 Spain 2010 · Group · model P 4.3%
4.54
7
South Korea 2–1 Portugal 2022 · Group · model P 6.8%
3.87
8
Slovakia 3–2 Italy 2010 · Group · model P 8.1%
3.62
9
Cape Verde 0–0 Spain 2026 · Group · model P 8.2%
3.61
10
Japan 2–1 Spain 2022 · Group · model P 8.5%
3.56
11
England 0–0 Ghana 2026 · Group · model P 9.5%
3.39
12
South Africa 1–0 South Korea 2026 · Group · model P 9.8%
3.35
13
Japan 2–1 Colombia 2018 · Group · model P 9.8%
3.35
14
Ivory Coast 1–0 Ecuador 2026 · Group · model P 9.8%
3.35
15
South Africa 2–1 France 2010 · Group · model P 9.9%
3.33
16
Morocco 2–0 Belgium 2022 · Group · model P 9.9%
3.33
17
Ghana 3–2 South Korea 2022 · Group · model P 10.2%
3.29
18
Qatar 1–1 Switzerland 2026 · Group · model P 10.4%
3.26
19
Algeria 0–0 England 2010 · Group · model P 10.7%
3.23
20
Curaçao 0–0 Ecuador 2026 · Group · model P 10.7%
3.23
21
Mexico 1–0 Germany 2018 · Group · model P 11.0%
3.19
22
Ghana 1–0 Panama 2026 · Group · model P 11.5%
3.12
23
Germany 2–2 Ghana 2014 · Group · model P 12.1%
3.05
24
Costa Rica 3–1 Uruguay 2014 · Group · model P 12.5%
3.00
25
Ecuador 1–0 Croatia 2002 · Group · model P 13.3%
2.90
── model floor: win-expectancy below 4.1% is beyond resolution, index shown ≥4.61, ranked by Elo gap ──